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The Court docket was called after to consider the constitutionality of a number of situations, ruled on jointly, where defendants were questioned "while in custody or otherwise deprived of [their] flexibility in virtually any significant way." In Vignera v. NY, the petitioner was questioned by police force, made dental admissions, and signed an inculpatory statement all without being notified of his to counsel. Likewise, in Westover v. USA, the petitioner was imprisoned by the FBI, interrogated, and designed to sign statements without being notified of his to counsel. Last but not least, in California v. Stewart, local police force placed and interrogated the defendant for five days without notification of his to counsel. In all these situations, suspects were questioned by cops, detectives, or prosecuting attorneys in rooms that slice them off from the exterior world. In none of the situations were suspects given warnings of the rights first of the interrogation.
